Table 1 Different health benefits of paraprobiotic and postbiotic molecules
From: Postbiotics-parabiotics: the new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods
Probiotic organisms | Paraprobiotic/postbiotic components | Type/model of study | Health benefits | Method of isolation and characterization | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L. rhamnosus GG | Heat killed cells | Rat model | Anti-inflammatory | Heat treatment (80 °C for 20 min) | [174] |
L. brevis SBC8803, L. brevis -8013 B. longum, and Streptococcus faecalis | Heat killed cells | Caco-2 cells and colitis mouse model | Anti-inflammatory and Enhancement of epithelial barrier permeability | Heat treatment (121 °C for 20 min) | [170] |
L. paracasei spp. paracasei (strain 06TCa22) and L. plantarum (strain 06CC2) | Heat killed cells | In vitro kidney cell line | Immunomodulation | Heat treatment (100 °C for 1 h) | [175] |
VSL#3 (B. breve, B. longum, and B. infantis; L. plantarum, L. bulgaricus, L. casei and L. acidophilus; S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus) | Heat killed cells | Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis rat model | Anti-inflammatory | Heat treatment (121 °C for 20 min) | [176] |
Lactobacillus spp. | Heat killed cells | In vitro | Anti-biofilm effect against oral pathogens | Heat treatment (100 °C for 3 min) | [177] |
L. casei and L. rhamnosus GG | Cell-free supernatant | HCT-116 cell line | Anti-cancer effect, Anti-inflammatory, Enhancement of gut barrier property | – | [178] |
Lactobacillus spp. | Cell-free supernatant | Vaginal epithelial cells | Anti-adhesion effect against E. coli | – | [179] |
L. paraplantarum | Cell-free supernatant | In vitro | Antagonistic effects against MRSA | HPLC (organic acids identification) | [180] |
L. rhamnosus GR-1 | Cell-free supernatant | Amnion cells | Immunomodulatory activity | – | [181] |
L. rhamnosus GG | Cell-free supernatant | Caco-2 cell line | Protective effect against the E. coli induced barrier dysfunctioning by influencing the expression of MUC2, ZO-1, IgA, mucin | – | [182] |
Lactobacillus isolates | Cell-free supernatant (antimicrobial proteins) | In vitro | Suppression of multidrug-resistant Helicobacter pylori | Purification and identification by reverse phase-HPLC | [183] |
Weissella cibaria strain CMU (oraCMU), | Cell-free supernatant | In vitro | Antagonistic effects against Porphyromonas gingivalis (an oral pathogen) | Identification of lactic acid, acetic acid, and citric acid by HPLC; Short-chain fatty acids by GC–MS; Secretory protein by 2D-gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/MS | [184] |
L. fermentum | Cell-free supernatant | 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes | Anti-senescence potential (alleviated senescence markers viz. p53, p21WAF1, SA-β-gal, p38MAPK, iNOS, cox-2, ROS, NF-κB, and DNA damage response) | – | [185] |
L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus | EPS | In vitro | Cholesterol-lowering effect | – | [186] |
Pediococcus parvulus | EPS | LDL-receptor deficient mice model | Cholesterol-lowering and immunomodulatory effect | Ethanol precipitation method | [187] |
B. breve BASO-1 and Lactobacillus spp. | EPS | In vitro | Anti-biofilm effect against B. cereus, L. monocytogenes, E. fecalis, S. aureus, E. coli 0157:H7, E. coli ATCC 35218, P. aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp | TCA and ethanol precipitation method | [188] |
L. fermentum S1 | EPS | In vitro | Anti-oxidative and anti-biofilm effect against E. coli and S. aureus | TCA and ethanol precipitation method. Further purification by anion-exchange chromatography | [189] |
L. jensenii P6A and L. gasseri P6 | Biosurfactants | In vitro | Anti-biofilm and anti-microbial effects against E. coli, Candidaalbicans, Staph. saprophyticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumonia | Cell wall-bound biosurfactants extraction in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) | [66] |
L. casei B1 | Biosurfactants | In vitro human epithelial cell line (HEp-2) | Anti-oxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-adhesion activity against S. aureus | Cell wall-bound biosurfactants extraction in phosphate-buffered saline | [190] |
Lactobacillus spp. | Biosurfactants | In vitro | Antagonistic effects against E. coli | Chloroform and methanol extraction | [191] |
L. gasseri | Biosurfactants | In vitro | Antibiofilm ability against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) | Cell wall-bound biosurfactants extraction in phosphate-buffered saline | [192] |
L. paracasei D3-5 strain | LTA | In vivo | Anti-aging | Cell disruption by mechanical method and LTA extraction by butanol method | [103] |
L. plantarum | LTA | In vitro | Antibiofilm activity against S. mutans | Mechanical cell disruption method of extraction followed by MALDI-TOF/MS based structure confirmation | [108] |
L. plantarum | LTA | In vitro | Anti-adhesion and antimicrobial effects | Mechanical disruption of cells, n-butanol extraction followed by confirmation of LTA by conventional silver staining after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis | [193] |
L. plantarum K8 | LTA | HaCaT Cells and Mice model | Inhibition of TNF-α and IFNγ mediated C3 mRNA expression | -do- | [194] |
L. casei | Peptidoglycan | Various cancer cell lines and CD-1 Swiss mice | Anti-tumour effect | Treatment of cell pellet with penicillin and d-glucose and subsequent collection of soluble peptidoglycan after centrifugation | [195] |
L. rhamnosus CRL1505 | Peptidoglycan | Immunocompromised-malnourished mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection | Enhancement of Th2 response | Mechanical disruption, delipidated by solvent extraction, and nuclease treatment | [196] |
L. kefir | Surface layer proteins | Vero cells | Melioration of Clostridium difficile induced cytotoxicity | 5 M LiCl extraction method, and confirmation by SDA-PAGE | [173] |
L. plantarum 423 | Surface proteins | Caco-2 cells | Anti-adhesion effect against Clostridium sporogenes and Enterococcus faecalis | 4 M guanidine HCl treatment followed by 5 M LiCl based extraction, and SDS-PAGE confirmation | [197] |
L. acidophilus CICC6074 | S-layer proteins | Caco-2 cells and colitis mouse model | Lowered the intestinal epithelial apoptosis, with decreasing the IL-6 secretion | LiCl extraction and purification by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column. Additionally, SDS-PAGE based molecular weight confirmation | [198] |
L. plantarum | Mucus binding protein | In vitro Caco-2 and HT-29 cell line | Mucoantiadhesion and anti-colonization effects against E. coli | Cloning and expression of Mubs5s6 gene in E. coli followed by purification and confirmation by chromatography and SDS-PAGE based techniques | [94] |
L. acidophilus DDS-1 | SCFA | Aging C57BL/6 J mice | Increases in short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate, and acetate) levels | GC–MS | [199] |
Lactobacillus spp | SCFA | Mice | Increases in butyrate and propionate levels with ameliorate gut microbiome dysbiosis | HPLC | [200] |
L. rhamnosus strain ASCC 1520 | SCFA | BALB/c mice | Gut microbiota alteration | QTRAP LC–MS/MS | [201] |
B. bifidum | SCFA (acetate) | Caco-2 | Increase in TEER values | NMR | [202] |