Fig. 1
From: Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for l-malate production anaerobically
Engineered metabolic network for L-malate production from glucose in E. coli anaerobically. The undesired genes deleted in this study are marked in the pathways are deleted as marked with yellow oblique bar. The over-expressed and heterologous introduction pathways were marked with red bold lines. Not all enzyme-catalyzed steps and intermediates are shown. Pyr, pyruvate; Fum, Fumarate; Suc, succinate; CIT, citrate; ICIT, isocitrate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; OAA, oxaloacetate; ACoA, acetyl-coenzyme A; ACP, acetyl phosphate; NA, nicotinic acid; NaMN, nicotinic acid mononucleotide; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NaAD, desamido NAD. The genes involved in the metabolic pathways: ldhA, lactate dehydrogenase; pflB, pyruvate-formate lyase; frdABCD, fumarate reductase; fumB, fumarase; mdh, malate dehydrogenase; ppc, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; pck, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; pykF, pykA, pyruvate kinase; pta, phosphate acetyltransferase; ackA, acetate kinase; adhE, alcohol dehydrogenase; ptsG, phosphotransferase system; pncB, NA phosphoribosyltransferase; nadD, NaMN adenylyltransferase; nadE, NAD synthetase