Fig. 1

Overview of the E. coli–S. cerevisiae co-culture system for de novo resveratrol biosynthesis. The resveratrol pathway is divided into two modules for co-culture-based biosynthesis: the upstream E. coli module for p-coumaric acid production and the downstream S. cerevisiae module for p-coumaric acid-to-resveratrol conversion. Improved resveratrol production can be achieved through optimization of inoculated cell number ratios, fermentation temperatures, and cultivation times. A solid line represents an enzymatic reaction through an indicated enzyme whereas the dashed line represents reaction involving multiple enzymes. Overexpressed enzymes are labeled in red text with red arrows. Enzymes encoded by the genes shown are aroG^fbr, feedback-inhibition-resistant 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase; tyrA^fbr, feedback-inhibition-resistant chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase; TAL, tyrosine ammonia lyase; 4CL, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase; STS, resveratrol synthase; ACC1^S659A,S1157A, inhibition-resistant acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The tyrR, a transcription factor that represses tyrosine synthesis pathway genes, is deleted in the upstream module