Fig. 2

Measured concentrations and calculated rates during the feast–famine cycle (s), approximately eight generations after the beginning of the regime. a Residual glucose concentration (mM), quantified by GC–MS/MS. b Dissolved oxygen concentration (%) in the broth, raw data (black) and calculated, eliminating delays of the used Clark probe (blue). c Measurements of oxygen content in offgas (%). d Measurements of carbon dioxide content in offgas (%). e Calculated oxygen uptake rate (\({\text{mmol}}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}\)/g_CDW/h) based on the headspace and tubing offgas delays. f Calculated carbon dioxide production rate (\({\text{mmol}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\)/g_CDW/h) based on the headspace, tubing offgas delays and bicarbonate in the broth. g Respiratory quotient (RQ) over time derived from the calculated \({\text{q}}_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }}\) and \({\text{q}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\). Data of 16 successive cycles are overlapped for DO, O₂ and CO₂ (b–d). The pink area in the plots represents the substrate feast phase. Green vertical dashed lines show the end of the feeding (20 s)