Fig. 7

MOMVs-mediated protective immunity agreed with the reduction of bacterial burden and inflammatory cytokine production. a Bacterial burdens in liver and lung of chickens immunized with MOMVs (50 μg) and PBS at 12 and 24 h after challenge with the lethal dose of each APEC serogroup (O1, O2 and O78). Bacterial burden was estimated by qRT-PCR using specific primers and probe derived from 16S rDNA sequences of E. coli (n = 5). b The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in serum from MOMVs (50 μg)- and PBS-immunized chickens at day 22 (24 h after the last immunization, AI) and day 29 (24 h after challenge of each APEC serogroup, AC) (n = 5). Data are representative of three independent experiments. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; versus the control (PBS)