Fig. 3

MOMVs were internalized by chicken HD11 cells and induced innate immune responses. a HD11 cells were treated with medium (row 1) or MOMVs (row 2) for 6 h at 37 °C. MOMVs were stained with DiI (red), and the cell nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue). b The production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-12p40 estimated from the supernatant of HD11 cells after stimulation with MOMVs for 16 (n = 5). IL-12p40 production was measured by ELISA kit, the production of IL-6 and TNF-α was estimated by IL-6 and TNF-α activity bioassays, respectively. IL-6 production is expressed as pg/mL supernatant, and TNF-α production was reported as percent specific cytotoxicity. Data are representative of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; versus the control (PBS)