Fig. 1

Time profile of growth and production of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), monosodium glutamate (MSG), and metabolites in the whole-cell reaction by aEscherichia coli WGB100 strain expressing GadBC and DR1558 and bE. coli BL21(DE3) expressing only GadBC. The strains were cultivated in 50 mL MR medium supplemented with 5 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L glucose, and 13 g/L MSG·H₂O in a baffled flask at 30 °C. The data are represented as mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments