From: Gut, oral and nasal microbiota and Parkinson’s disease
Organs | References | Publication year | Country | Number of patients | Number of controls | Microbiota associations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gut | Scheperjans et al. [8] | 2015 | Finland | 72 | 72 | Gut microbiota was altered in PD patients and a significant reduction of the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae in PD patients in comparison with controls was observed. The relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae was identified to be positively associated with the severity of postural instability and gait difficulty |
Gut | Keshavarzian et al. [13] | 2015 | USA | 38 | 34 | The fecal microbiota of PD patients was significantly different from the control subjects. The relative abundances of some butyrate-producing bacteria from the genera Blautia, Coprococcus, and Roseburia were significantly higher in the feces of controls than PD patients |
Gut | Hasegawa et al. [14] | 2015 | Japan | 52 | 36 | Abundances of Clostridium coccoides and Bacteroides fragilis decreased, while that of Lactobacillus increased in PD patients than controls |
Gut | Unger et al. [9] | 2016 | Germany | 34 | 34 | PD patients possessed decreased abundance of bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes and the bacterial family Prevotellaceae, while increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in comparison with controls |
Gut | Li et al. [15] | 2017 | China | 24 | 14 | Relative abundances of Blautia, Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus significantly decreased, and those of Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Proteus, and Enterococcus significantly increased in PD subjects compared with controls |
Gut | Hopfner et al. [16] | 2017 | Germany | 29 | 29 | There was significant difference in beta diversity indices between PD patients and controls, while not for alpha diversity indices. The abundances of Lactobacillaceae, Barnesiellaceae and Enterococcacea were found to be higher in patients than in controls |
Gut | Bedarf et al. [17] | 2017 | Germany | 31 | 28 | Significant difference was observed for the gut microbiota composition between PD patients and controls at all taxonomic levels. PD patients have increased abundances of Verrucomicrobiaceae (Akkermansia muciniphila) and unclassified Firmicutes, while decreased abundances of Prevotellaceae (Prevotella copri) and Erysipelotrichaceae (Eubacterium biforme) |
Gut | Hill-Burns et al. [18] | 2017 | USA | 197 | 130 | Significantly differed abundances of Bifidobacteriaceae, Christensenellaceae, [Tissierellaceae], Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, Pasteurellaceae and Verrucomicrobiaceae families between PD patients and controls were observed |
Gut | Petrov et al. [19] | 2017 | Russia | 89 | 66 | Reduced gut microbiota diversity in PD patients was observed. Decreased abundances of Dorea, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides massiliensis, Stoquefichus massiliensis, Bacteroides coprocola, Blautia glucerasea, Dorea longicatena, Bacteroides dorei, Bacteroides plebeus, Prevotella copri, Coprococcus eutactus, and Ruminococcus callidus, and increased abundances of Christensenella, Catabacter, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Bifidobacterium, Christensenella minuta, Catabacter hongkongensis, Lactobacillus mucosae, Ruminococcus bromii, and Papillibacter cinnamivorans, in PD patients in comparison with controls |
Gut | Qian et al. [20] | 2018 | China | 45 | 45 | The richness and diversity of gut microbiota in PD patients were significantly higher compared with healthy group. Several enriched genera were identified in the feces of PD patients, which include Clostridium IV, Aquabacterium, Holdemania, Sphingomonas, Clostridium XVIII, Butyricicoccus and Anaerotruncus. The genera Escherichia/Shigella were negatively associated with disease duration |
Gut | Lin et al. [21] | 2018 | China | 75 | 45 | Significantly increased abundances of four bacterial families and decreased abundances of seventeen bacterial families in PD patients in comparison with controls were observed |
Gut | Heintz-Buschart et al. [22] | 2018 | Germany | 76 | 78 | Relative abundances of Akkermansia sp. and Prevotella sp. were significantly higher in gut microbiota of PD in comparison with healthy controls |
Gut | Tetz et al. [23] | 2018 | USA | 31 | 28 | Different microbiota richness and diversity between PD and control groups were observed. A depletion of Prevotellaceae and Lachnospiraceae and decreased abundances of Lactobacillaceae and Streptococcaceae in the PD group compared with the controls were observed |
Mouth | Pereira et al. [12] | 2017 | Finland | 72 | 76 | Different beta diversity of oral microbiota was found between PD patients and controls. Abundances of Prevotella, Prevotellaceae, Veillonella, Solobacterium, Veillonellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Coriobacteriaceae increased, while those of Capnocytophaga, Rothia, Kingella, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces, and Leptotrichiaceae decreased, in oral microbiota of PD patients compared with controls |
Nose | Pereira et al. [12] | 2017 | Finland | 69 | 67 | No alpha or beta differences between nasal microbiota of control and PD patients were found |
Nose | Heintz-Buschart et al. [22] | 2018 | Germany | 76 | 78 | The nasal microbiota displayed higher variation over the different individuals and no significant differences were found between PD patients and controls |