Fig. 1

β-ionone biosynthesis pathway in the engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. a The biosynthesis pathway was organized into three modules: Module 1, the cytosolic acetyl-CoA supply module; Module 2, the MVA module; Module 3, the β-ionone synthesis module. Exogenous and endogenous genes are indicated in blue and red, respectively. b The detailed view of all the seven units. The genes expressed encode the following enzymes: PK phosphoketolase, PTA phosphotransacetylase, ERG10 acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, ERG13 hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, tHMGR truncated hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, ERG8 phosphomevalonate kinase, ERG12 mevalonate kinase, ERG19 mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, IDI isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, ERG20 geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase, GGS1 GGPP synthase, carB phytoene dehydrogenase, carRP phytoene synthase/lycopene cyclase, CCD1 carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase