Fig. 5

Cytokine induction. The cellular immune response elicited by TTFC and spore-adsorbed TTFC treated with probiotic. IL-6 (a), IL-10 (b), IL-12 (c), and IFN-γ (d) levels secreted in vitro from spleen cells. The results were expressed as pg/ml of the mean values (± standard error). Data are reported after subtracting the cytokine values detected in control groups (naive and not immunized mice that received the probiotic). Equal letters mean no statistical difference (p > 0.05) and different letters mean a statistical difference (p < 0.05) between the experimental groups