Fig. 4

Duplication of the pux gene copy number further increases caffeic acid titers. Stacked histograms of p-coumaric and caffeic acid titers after 72 h of fermentation with glucose as the only carbon source for select strains expressing the two-step pathway (a). Titers plotted over time of a 96 h fermentation of s18 (b). (Error bars = standard deviation of biological replicates, n ≥ 3.)