Fig. 3

The choice of redox partners and tethering strategies for redox partners leads to higher caffeic acid titers from p-coumaric acid (a–c) and from glucose (d). Pictograms of tether design I and tether design II (e). a–c caffeic acid titers from 3 mM p-coumaric acid 72 h p. i.: untethered/free redox partners (a), tether design I analogous to PUPPET [35] (b), tether design II (c). d Stacked histograms of p-coumaric and caffeic acid titers after 72 h of fermentation for select strains expressing the two-step pathway. (Error bars = standard deviation of biological replicates, n ≥ 3; Pictograms of tether designs: CYP cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP199A2 F185L N∆7), Fdx ferredoxin (Pux or Pdx), FdR ferredoxin reductase (PuR or PdR))