Fig. 2

Controlled high-density pulsed fed-batch fermentation of U. cynodontis ∆fuz7. a, c OD₆₀₀ (▲), glucose (■) and ammonium concentration (▼), b, d Concentration of itaconate (●), (S)-2-hydroxyparaconate (□) and erythritol (∆) during fermentation in a bioreactor containing batch medium without (a, b) or with yeast extract (c, d) with 50 g L⁻¹ glucose, 0.8 g L⁻¹ NH₄Cl at pH 3.6 titrated with NaOH. Arrows indicate addition of 35 mL of a 50% glucose stock. Error bars indicate the deviation from the mean (n = 2) except for A and B, which show a single representative culture