Fig. 3

Important differentially expressed genes in the recombinant strain (L. lactis (RbsB)) relative to the control strain (L. lactis (Vector)) under normal (0 h) and acid-stress (2.5 h) conditions. a Differentially expressed genes involved in the galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, histidine metabolism, and valine and isoleucine biosynthesis. b Heatmap of differentially expressed genes involved in another biological process. Each gene shows the expression ratio (log₂-fold change). NA represents the expression of gene was upregulated or downregulated with a less than twofold change. Genes with at least a twofold change are shown. Adjusted p < 0.05 for all data selected