Fig. 3
From: Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for production of aromatic compounds
The metabolic engineering approaches to microbial production of aromatic amino acid derivatives. A systematic study for the de novo microbial production of aromatic-containing polyester derived from phenylalanine pathway (shown in the upper panel). De novo biosynthesis of the aromatic plant natural products, fisetin and quercetin, derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine pathways (shown in the bottom panel). Abbreviations for metabolites: 3HB-CoA: 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA; 4-HPPA: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid; Ac-CoA: acetyl-CoA; CHA: chorismate; DAHP: 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate; E4P: erythrose 4-phosphate; FUM: fumarate; G6P: glucose 6-phosphate; Na-3HB: sodium 3-hydroxybutyrate; p-CA: p-coumaric acid; p-CA-CoA: p-coumaroyl-CoA; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; l-PHE: l-phenylalanine; PhLA: d-phenyllactate; PhLA-CoA: d-phenyllactatyl-CoA; PPA: phenylpyruvate; PYR: pyruvate; SUC: succinate; l-TYR: l-tyrosine. Abbreviations for enzymes: 4CL: 4-coumaric acid CoA ligase; AdhE: aldehyde-alcohol dehydrogenase; Aro3: 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase; Aro4: feedback resistance isozyme of phosphote-3-dehydro-3-deoxyheptonate aldolase; Aro7: feedback resistance isozyme of chorismate mutase; Aro10: transaminated amino acid decarboxylase; AroF: feedback sensitive DHAP synthase; AroGfbr: feedback resistance isozyme of DHAP synthase; AspC: aspartate aminotransferase; C4H: cinnamic acid decarboxylase; CHI: chalcone isomerase; CHR: chalcone reductase; CHS: chalcone synthase; CPR: cytochrome P450 reductase; F3H: flavanone 3-hydroxylase; FldA: cinnamoyl-CoA:phenyllactate CoA-transferase; FldH: d-phenyllactate dehydrogenase; FLS: flavanol synthase; FMO: flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase; FrdB: fumarate reductase iron–sulfur subunit; HadA: isocaprenoyl-CoA:2-hydroxyisocaproate CoA-transferase; LdhA: d-lactate dehydrogenase; PAL: phenylalanine ammonia lyase; PflB: formate acetyltransferase 1; Pdc5: pyruvate decarboxylase isozyme; PhaA: acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; PhaB: acetoacetyl-CoA reductase; PhaC: poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) polymerase subunit; PhaC1437: variant of PhaC; PheAfbr: feedback resistance isozyme of bifunctional chorismate mutase/prephenete dehydratase; PoxB: pyruvate dehydrogenase; TAL: tyrosine ammonia lyase; TyrA: prephenate dehydrogenase; TyrB: tyrosine aminotransferase; TyrR: transcriptional regulatory protein 2. The inactivated metabolic pathways are indicated by “X”. Native metabolic pathways are indicated by black arrows, and non-native pathways are indicated by blue arrows. Sequential arrows indicate multiple metabolic reactions. Orange eclipse displays other native metabolism. Blue boxes represent feedback inhibition resistant mutants of endogenous enzymes. Pink line or pink boxes represent overexpressed enzymes. Green boxes represent aromatic polymers