Fig. 1

De novo biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds derived from the SHK and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway. Abbreviations for metabolites: 4-HPPA: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate; AA: anthranilic acid; ABC: ATP-binding cassette transporter; l-ARA: l-arabinose; CHA: chorismate; CLB: cellobiose; DAHP: 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate; DHAP: dihydroxyacetone phosphate; DHQ: 3-dehydroquianate; DHS: 3-dehydroshikimate; E4P: erythrose 4-phosphate; EPSP: 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3-phosphate; FBP: fructose 1,6-biphosphate; G3P: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; G6P: glucose 6-phosphate; GLC: glucose; GLY: glycerol; PCA: protocatechuic acid; PEP: phosphoenolpyruvate; l-PHE: l-phenylalanine; PP: pentose phosphate; PPA: phenylpyruvate; PTS: phosphotransferase system; PYR: pyruvate; S3P: shikimate-3-phosphate; SHK: shikimate; SMP: proton symporter; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; l-TRP: l-tryptophan; l-TYR: l-tyrosine; X5P: xylose 5-phosphate; XYL: xylose. Abbreviations for enzymes: 4ADCL: 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase; 4-CL: 4-coumarate:CoA ligase; AAAH: aromatic amino acid hydroxylase; AAS: aromatic acetaldehyde synthase; AAT: aromatic amino acid transaminase; ACAR: aromatic carboxylic acid reductase; ADCS: aminodeoxychorismate synthase; ADH: alcohol dehydrogenase; AntABC: anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase; AROE: shikimate dehydrogenase; AS: hydroquinone glucosyl transferase; BDC: 2,3-DHBA decarboxylase; C3H: p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase; C4H: cinnamic acid decarboxylase; CAR: carboxylic acid reductase; CCR: cinnamoyl-CoA reductase; CDO: catechol 1,2-dioxygenase; CHI: chalcone isomerase; CHS: chalcone synthase; Comt: caffeate O-methyltransferase; COMT: catechol-O-methyltransferase; CPR: cytochrome P450 reductase; CS: chorismate synthase; DAT: d-amino acid transferase; DBR: double bond reductase; DDC: l-DOPA decarboxylase; DHAPS: 3-deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase; DHQD: 3-dehydroquianate dehydratase; DHQS: 3-dehydroquianate synthase; DHS-DH: 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase; Dmd: d-mandelate dehydrogenase; ECH: feruloyl-CoA hydratase/lyase; EntA: 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase; EntB: isochorismatase; EntC: isochorismate synthase; EntD: phosphopantetheinyl transferase; EPSPS: 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate 3-phosphate synthase; ER: enoate reductase; F3H: flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H: flavonoid 3-hydroxylase; F3′5′H: F3′5′H-encoded 3′,5′-hydroxylase; FCS: feruloyl-CoA synthetase; FDC: ferulate decarboxylase; FLDH: d-phenyllactate dehydrogenase; FLS: flavanol synthase; FMO: flavin-containing monooxygenase; FNS: flavone synthase; GT2: gallic acid glucosyltransferase; GTF: glucosyltransferase; HA-DH: hydroxyacyl-dehydrogenase; HmaS: l-4-hydroxymandelate synthase; Hmo: l-4-hydroxymandelate oxidase; HPAH: 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase; HpgAT: l-4-(hydroxyl)-phenylglycine aminotransferase; HpgT: l-4-hydroxyphenylglycine aminotransferase; ICS: isochorismate synthase; IDH: indole acetic acid dehydrogenase; IpdC: indole-3-pyruvic acid decarboxylase; IPL: isochorismate pyruvate lyase; d-LDH: d-lactate dehydrogenase; l-LDH: l-lactate dehydrogenase; MNX1: 4-hydroxybenzoate 1-hydroxylase; PABAS: p-aminobenzoate synthase; Pad: phenolic acid decarboxylase; PAD: phenylacrylate decarboxylase; PAL: phenylalanine ammonia lyase; PCD: protocatechuic acid 4,5-dioxygenase; PHBD: 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase; PHBH: p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase; QAD: quinate dehydrogenase; RAS: rosmarinic acid synthase; SDC: salicylate decarboxylase; SK: shikimate kinase; SMO: salicylate monooxygenase; STS: stilbene synthase; T-5H: tryptamine 5-hydroxylase; TAL: tyrosine ammonia-lyase; TDC: tryptophan decarboxylase; Tnase: tryptophanase; TPH: tryptophan 5-hydroxylase; TPL: tyrosine phenol-lyase; TrpE: anthranilate synthase; TYDC: tyrosine decarboxylase; TYO: tyramine oxidase; UbiC: chorismate lyase; VioA: l-tryptophan oxidase; VioB: iminophenyl-pyruvate dimer synthase; VioC: violacein synthase; VioD: protoviolaceinate synthase; VioE: violacein biosynthesis protein. Continuous arrows show single enzymatic reactions, and dashed arrows show multiple enzymatic reactions