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Fig. 2 | Microbial Cell Factories

Fig. 2

From: Rational strain improvement for surfactin production: enhancing the yield and generating novel structures

Fig. 2

The biosynthesis pathways of branched-chain amino acids participating in surfactin biosynthesis. a Branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis module, represented by light grey panel. ilvA, l-threonine dehydratase; ilvBN, acetohydroxy acid synthase I; ilvGM, acetohydroxy acid synthase II; ilvIH, acetohydroxy acid synthase III; ilvC, acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase; ilvD, dihydroxy acid dehydratase; leuACDB: leuA, 2-isopropylmate synthase; leuCD, isopropylmalate isomerase; leuB, 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase; EMP, Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway, marked with deep gray panel; ilvE, branched chain amino acid aminotransferase; phdABCD, pyruvate dehydrogenase; accABCD, acetyl-CoA carboxylase. b Biosynthesis of branched-chain fatty acids and CoA-activated 3-hydroxy long chain fatty acids, represented by light orange panel. fabD, malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase; FabH, β-ketoacyl-ACP synthases; Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex marked with deep gray panel; Ptb, butyryl coenzyme A transferase; Bcd, l-leucine dehydrogenase; Buk, butyrate kinase; LpdV, 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase; BkdAA, 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase; BkdAB, 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase; BkdB, 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase; YbdT, fatty acid beta-hydroxylating cytochrome P450 enzyme; LcfA and LcfB, long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligases. FAB, fatty acid biosynthesis. The degradation pathway of l-isoleucine was marked with green panels; the degradation pathway of l-valine was marked with purple panels; the degradation pathway of l-leucine was marked with orange panels. c Nonribosomal peptide synthetase synthesis module. A, adenylation domain, represented by amino acids in red colour; PCP, peptidyl carrier protein domains, shown in green colour; C, condensation domain, shown in gray colour; E, epimerization domain, shown in purple colour; TE, thioesterase domain, shown in orange colour

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