Fig. 5From: Protein production in Escherichia coli is guided by the trade-off between intracellular substrate availability and energy costDistribution of ATP in tRNA, EFTu, and ribosomes, and the resulting translation rate (normalized to unaltered conditions) for the non-native (GFP) (a–c) and the native (EFTu) (d–f) protein target. The point of maximum translation rate was highlighted with black circles in panels c and f. The amount of ATP distributed was 1 × 107 (a, d), 5 × 107 (b, e) and 1 × 108 (c, f) ATP molecules per reaction volume (approximately 1 M, 5 M, and 10 fmol ATP equivalents per cell, respectively)Back to article page