Table 4 Fatty acid composition (FAMES) as determined by GC–MS analysis
Compound name & symbol | Fatty acid type | Waste ‘Extract’ | Minimal media | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
C12.0 (Lauric acid/dodecanoic acid) | Saturated fatty acid | 2.02 | 3.03 | Long shelf-life, non-toxic, treatment for acne, production of soaps and cosmetics [50] |
C14.0 (Myristic acid/ tetradecanoic acid) | Saturated fatty acid | 4.23 | 4.49 | Myristic acid acts as a lipid anchor in biomembranes. The ester isopropyl myristate is used in cosmetic and topical medicinal preparations [51] |
C16.0 (Palmitic acid/hexadecanoic acid) | Saturated fatty acid | 13.42 | 16.27 | Used in production of soaps, cosmetics, release agents, processed food, natural additive in organic products. Papiperidone palmitate used in the treatment of schizophrenia [49, 52] |
C16.1 ω9c (Palmitoleic acid/9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid) | Omega 7-monounsaturated fatty acid | 12.1 | 13.79 | Adhesives and sealant chemicals, Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal), Finishing agents, Lubricants and lubricant additives, Surface active agents. Also used as supplements and vitamins [50, 53] |
C17.0 (Margaric acid/Heptadecanoic acid) | Saturated fatty acid | 2.83 | 5.50 | Adhesives and sealant chemicals, Finishing agents, lubricants, agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal), surface active agents, flllers, and solvents |
C17.1 ω8c (cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid methyl ester) | 0.64 | 3.67 | – | |
C18.0 (Stearic acid/octadecanoic acid) | Saturated fatty acid | 9.21 | 10.47 | Soaps, cosmetics, detergents, lubricants, softening and release agents. Plaster castings, manufacture of lead-acid batteries, candle-making, used along with simple sugar or corn syrup as a hardener in candies, dietary supplements, fireworks [54] |
C18.1ω9c (Oleic acid/cis-9-Octadecenoic acid) | Monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid | 32.60 | 22.54 | Soap as an emulsifying agent, emollient, excipient in pharmaceuticals, and as an emulsifying or solubilizing agent in aerosol products, soldering flux in stained glass work for joining lead came [55, 56] |
C18.2 (Linoleic acid/9, 12 Octadecadienoic acid) | Polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid | 22.95 | 20.24 | Used in making quick-drying oils, useful in oil paints and varnishes, beauty products industry. Anti-inflammatory, acne reductive, and moisture retentive properties [57,58,59,60] |