Fig. 3From: Chemical genomic guided engineering of gamma-valerolactone tolerant yeastThe effects of GVL on cell permeability and synergism with ethanol. Cells were treated with GVL for 4 h GVL, then incubated with a dye that is only taken up by cells with compromised membrane integrity, which results in increased red fluorescence (a). The percent of permeable cells in populations of cells treated with either GVL or EtOH (b Mean ± SE, n = 3). Specific growth rate of cells treated with 2% GVL, 4% EtOH, or a combination of both (c Mean ± SE, n = 3), the dashed line indicated the predicted level of inhibition if GVL and EtOH were additive in their toxicitiesBack to article page