Fig. 4
a Shoot length under the saline concentrations of 0, 10, and 15 g L−1, b root length under the saline concentrations of 0, 10, and 15 g L−1, c shoot length reduction under the saline concentrations of 10 and 15 g L−1, and d root length reduction under the saline concentrations of 10 and 15 g L−1 for rice seeds treated with sterile water (the control), the wild strains (i.e., endophytic Enterobacter sp. E5 and Kosakonia sp. S1), and their acdS gene surface expressed strain (i.e., the engineered strains E5P and S1P, respectively). Error bars indicate standard errors (n = 100 seeds divided in five plates). Capital letters above bars indicate that values are significantly different between the treatments for each salt concentration (P < 0.05)