Fig. 4

Fed-batch fermentation of kaempferol in well controlled fermenters. OD₆₀₀ and production of naringenin, dihydrokaempferol and kaempferol are shown in fed-batch fermentation with W3NP-FF (a) and W3NP-FF-A3 (b). The fermentations were performed at 30 °C, and pH was maintained at 5.0. The feed was started when residual ethanol and glucose were completely depleted. A Quasi exponent feed strategy was adopted. Green arrow indicates 1 mM p-coumarate was supplemented at 24 h