Fig. 1

Schematic representation of the engineering strategies for enhanced lycopene production in S. cerevisiae. a The engineered lycopene biosynthetic pathway in S. cerevisiae. Genetic modifications are noted by thick arrows. Red arrows indicate the heterologous lycopene biosynthetic pathway consisting of CrtE, CrtB and CrtI, which starts either from FPP (solid arrow) or directly from IPP and DMAPP (dashed arrow). The enzyme overexpressed in the described lycopene-producing strain is highlighted in blue. b Construction of plasmids and integration modules. c The rationale of experiment design: combinatorial engineering of host cell and heterologous pathway