Fig. 6

Compared to preparation by hand, automated liquid handling increases accuracy and precision. a Although liquid handling robots suffer from systematic and stochastic errors as well, these are typically constant, while manual pipetting by different operators (four persons in this case) can result in significant differences. b Daily operator performance can induce significant fluctuations of manual pipetting performance. Automated pipetting conducted by JANUS Integrator liquid handling platform and manual pipetting by four different operators using an Eppendorf Research Plus pipette. Volumes determined gravimetrically using a semi-micro balance and normalized to the respective target volumes. Error bars deviated from analytical replicates (n = 10)