Fig. 5

Comparison of the enzymatic activity (a) and NADPH level (b) between M. alpina cultures growing in the presence of glucose (black bars) and glycerol (white bars). The expression level (c), enzymatic activity (d), NADPH level (e) and total fatty acid level (f) in M. alpina strains were analyzed after overexpressing G6PD, PGD and ICDH. M. alpina (black bars): wild type M. alpina; MA-g6pd-1, MA-g6pd -2, MA-g6pd -3 (gray bars): G6PD-overexpressing M. alpina strains; MA-Pgd-1, MA-Pgd-2, MA-Pgd-3 (slash bars): PGD-overexpressing M. alpina strains; MA-icdh-1, MA-icdh-2, MA-icdh-3 (white bars): ICDH-overexpressing M. alpina strain; MA-malE1-1 (cross-hatched bars): ME1-overexpressing M. alpina strain (previously constructed). Strains were cultured in 500 mL shaking flasks containing 200 mL Kendrick medium supplemented with 50 g/L glycerol for 168 h at 200 rpm. Three independent experiments were performed, and the error bars represent standard deviations. *p < 0.05 compared to wild type