Fig. 3

Transcription of native DAO1 mRNA in R. toruloides. a Relative mRNA levels at 3rd and 6th hour when cells were cultured in MinABs medium supplemented with d- or l-alanine (70 mM). Carbon and nitrogen sources used: CTL—glucose and ammonium sulfate; l-ala—glucose and l-alanine; d-ala—glucose and d-alanine; sole d-ala—d-alanine only. The mRNA level at 6th hour in medium using d-alanine as the sole carbon and nitrogen source is set as 100 %. b Relative mRNA in cells cultured under various stress for 6 h. CTL: YPD broth at 28 °C; oxidative stress: YPD broth supplemented with 1 % H₂O₂ (w/v) and cultured at 28 °C; cold stress: YPD broth at 4 °C; heat stress: YPD broth at 37 °C; osmatic stress: YPD broth supplemented with 1 M KCl and cultured at 28 °C; glycerol: YPG broth (carbon source of glucose in YPD replaced with the same concentration of glycerol) and cultured at 28 °C