Fig. 4From: Overexpression of artificially fused bifunctional enzyme 4CL1–CCR: a method for production of secreted 4-hydroxycinnamaldehydes in Escherichia coli In vivo enzyme activity of 4CL1–CCR towards substrate p-coumaric acid. The concentration of p-coumaraldehyde was measured in each culture medium with (+) or without (−) the addition of IPTG and substrate. Error bars indicate mean values ± SD from three independent experiments. Nd not detected.Back to article page