Fig. 2

Metabolic fluxes in recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3)(pLysS) and E. coli BL21ΔputA(DE3)(pLysS) strains containing pET-24a or pET_p4h1of during exponential aerobic growth at 30°C in M9 medium containing 5 g L⁻¹ glucose (4:1 mixture of 1-¹³C-labeled and U-¹³C-labeled glucose) in the absence or presence of 5 mM proline. All fluxes are given as relative fluxes normalized to the specific glucose uptake rate of 100 for each strain (given for the reaction of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate). For the extracellular metabolite fluxes, the experimental error is given. Arrows indicate the main direction of reversible reactions.