Figure 4

Gene expression comparisons between typical and flocculated fermentations. A- FLO genes and flocculation activators; B- Plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase (PMA1) and related genes; C- Haa1p target genes; D- Cell wall components; E- Methionine- and glutathione-related genes; F- Thiamine metabolic process genes. Differentially expressed (DE) genes were defined as those with a fold change ≥2 or ≥ -2 and a p-value <0.01. Negative values were obtained for the TF samples, and positive values were obtained for the FL samples. General analysis (TFs vs. FLs) was performed using six time-points for the TF samples and seven time-points for the FL samples. The beginning of fermentation is denoted as TF1 and FL1, and the end of fermentation is denoted as TF6 and FL7. The software Expander6 was used for the gene clustering image drawn using the end of fermentation as a reference.