Strain | Carbon source | Violacein and/or deoxyviolacein titer (g L −1 ) | Time (h) | Productivity (g L −1 h −1 ) | Bioreactor and fermentation strategy | Tryptophan addition | Violacein yield | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild strains | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C.violaceum |  | 0.43 | 36 | 0.012 | Flask culture | 0.2 g L−1 |  | [22] |
 |  | 1.1 |  |  | 30-L bioreactor batch fermentation |  |  | [3] |
Duganella sp. |  | 1.62 | 32 | 0.050 | Flask culture | 0.74 g L−1 |  | [9] |
J.lividum | 15 g L−1 sucrose | 0.85 | 144 | 0.006 | Flask culture | Non | 0.057 g g−1 | [10] |
Recombinant strains | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
C.freundii /pCOM10vio | Â | 0.75 | 40 | 0.019 | Flask culture | Non | Â | [6] |
 |  | 1.68 | 40 | 0.042 | Flask culture | 0.7 g L−1 |  | [6] |
 | 5.67 g L−1 glycerol | 0.47 | 35 | 0.013 | 5-L bioreactor batch fermentation | Non | 0.083 g g−1 | [13] |
 |  | 0.95 | 35 | 0.027 | 5-L bioreactor batch fermentation | 0.7 g L−1 |  | [13] |
E.coli BL21(DE3)/pET32avio | Â | 0.12 | 40 | 0.003 | Flask culture | Non | Â | [6] |
E.coli MG1655-Vio4 | Â | 0.71 | 300 | 0.002 | 0.7-L Fed-batch | Non | Â | [14] |
E.coli MG1655-Vio4 | 10 g L−1 arabinose | 0.32 | 225 | 0.001 | Flask culture | Non |  | [14] |
MG1655-dVio8 |  | 1.6 | 200 | 0.008 | Fed-batch | Non | 0.032 g g−1 | [15] |
E.coli Bl21(DE3) B2/pED+pVio | 15.1 g L−1 glucose | 1.75 | 48 | 0.036 | 5-L bioreactor batch fermentation | Non | 0.116 g g−1 | This research |