High crude violacein production from glucose by Escherichia coli engineered with interactive control of tryptophan pathway and violacein biosynthetic pathway

Table 3 The titers of the reported violacein-producing strains

Strain	Carbon source	Violacein and/or deoxyviolacein titer (g L ⁻¹ )	Time (h)	Productivity (g L ⁻¹ h ⁻¹ )	Bioreactor and fermentation strategy	Tryptophan addition	Violacein yield	Reference
Wild strains
*C.violaceum*		0.43	36	0.012	Flask culture	0.2 g L⁻¹		[22]
		1.1			30-L bioreactor batch fermentation			[3]
*Duganella* sp.		1.62	32	0.050	Flask culture	0.74 g L⁻¹		[9]
*J.lividum*	15 g L⁻¹ sucrose	0.85	144	0.006	Flask culture	Non	0.057 g g⁻¹	[10]
Recombinant strains
*C.freundii* /pCOM10vio		0.75	40	0.019	Flask culture	Non		[6]
		1.68	40	0.042	Flask culture	0.7 g L⁻¹		[6]
	5.67 g L⁻¹ glycerol	0.47	35	0.013	5-L bioreactor batch fermentation	Non	0.083 g g⁻¹	[13]
		0.95	35	0.027	5-L bioreactor batch fermentation	0.7 g L⁻¹		[13]
*E.coli* BL21(DE3)/pET32avio		0.12	40	0.003	Flask culture	Non		[6]
*E.coli* MG1655-Vio4		0.71	300	0.002	0.7-L Fed-batch	Non		[14]
*E.coli* MG1655-Vio4	10 g L⁻¹ arabinose	0.32	225	0.001	Flask culture	Non		[14]
MG1655-dVio8		1.6	200	0.008	Fed-batch	Non	0.032 g g⁻¹	[15]
*E.coli* Bl21(DE3) B2/pED+pVio	15.1 g L⁻¹ glucose	1.75	48	0.036	5-L bioreactor batch fermentation	Non	0.116 g g⁻¹	This research