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Table 5 Enzymatic conversion and microbial fermentation of peptides

From: Development of bio-based fine chemical production through synthetic bioengineering

Compounds

Strains

Types a

Genetic engineering b

Substrates and components

Maximum yield

Scale

Reference

Carnosine

E. coli or Pichia pastoris

E

He: Ochrobactrium anthropi β-aminopeptidase or Sphingosinicella xenopeptidilytica L-aminopeptidase-

H-β-Ala-NH2

4.5 g/L

200 mL

Heyland et al., 2010 [79]

D-amidase

ε-poly-lysine (εPL)

Streptomyces strains

F

He: Genome shuffling

Glucose

24.5 g/L

3 L

Li et al., 2013 [82]

poly-gamma-glutamate (γ-PGA)

Bacillus subtilis

F

Oe: γ-PGA synthetases

Xylose

9.0 g/L

50 mL

Ashiuchi et al., 2006 [86]

Arabinose

Glutamate

  

F

De: γ-PGA degradation enzymes

Glutamate

48 g/L

20 mL

Scoffone et al., 2013 [87]

 

Bacillus amyrolique-haciens

F

He: Vitreoscilla hemoglobin

Sucrose

3.5 g/L

100 mL

Zhang et al., 2013 [67]

  

F

He: Vitreoscilla hemoglobin

Sucrose

5.1 g/L

100 mL

Feng et al., 2014 [88]

De: cwlO and epsA-O cluster

 

E. coli

F

He: Β. licheniformis γ-PGA synthetases, glutamate racemase

Glutamate

0.65 g/L

100 mL

Cao et al., 2013 [89]

  

F

He: Β. amyloliquefaciens γ-PGA synthetases, glutamate racemase

Glucose

0.52 g/L

100 mL

Glutathione

E. coli

E

De: Single genes related to ATP regenerating activity

Glucose, Glutamate, Cysteine, Glycine

2.9 g/L

1 mL

Hara et al., 2009 [90]

 

S. cerevisiae

E

Oe: GCS, GS

Glucose, Glutamate, Cysteine, Glycine

0.8 g/L

20 mL

Yoshida et al., 2011 [91]

 

S. cerevisiae

F

Oe: GCS

Glucose

168 nmol/OD600

300 mL

Suzuki et al., 2011 [92]

De: pep12

 

S. cerevisiae

F

Oe: GCS, Sulfate assimilation pathway genes

Glucose

43.9 mg/L

20 mL

Hara et al., 2012 [93]

Alanyl-glutamine

E. coli

E

He: B. subtilis L-amino acid α-ligase

Alanine, Glutamate

4.7 g/L

1 mL

Tabata et al., 2005 [94]

 

E. coli

F

He: B. subtilis L-amino, α-ligase, L-alanine dehydrogenase

Glucose

24.7 g/L

2 L

Tabata et al., 2007 [95]

De: dipeptidases, aminopeptidases

 

E. coli

E

He: Sphingobacterium siyangensis α-amino acid ester acyltransferase

L-alanine methyl ester hydrochlorid, Glutamine

79.3 g/L

300 mL

Hirao et al., 2013 [96]

Dipeptides

E. coli

E

He: Ralstonia solanacearum RSp1486a

Amino acids, ATP, MgSO4

2.9 g/L (Phe-Cys)

500 μL

Kino et al., 2008a [97]

  

E

He: B. licheniformis BL00235

Amino acids, ATP, MgSO4

1.2 g/L (Met-Ala)

1.6 mL

Kino et al., 2008b [98]

  

E

He: B. subtilis RizA

Amino acids, ATP, MgSO4

0.8 g/L (Arg-Ser)

300 μL

Kino et al., 2009 [99]

  1. aProduction types: E, Enzymatic production including permeable cell conversion; F, Fermentation.
  2. bTypes of genetic engineering: He, Heterologous expression; Oe, Overexpression of self-cloning gene(s); De, Deletion.