From: Development of bio-based fine chemical production through synthetic bioengineering
Compounds | Strains | Types a | Genetic engineering b | Substrates and components | Maximum yield | Scale | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carnosine | E. coli or Pichia pastoris | E | He: Ochrobactrium anthropi β-aminopeptidase or Sphingosinicella xenopeptidilytica L-aminopeptidase- | H-β-Ala-NH2 | 4.5 g/L | 200 mL | Heyland et al., 2010 [79] |
D-amidase | |||||||
ε-poly-lysine (εPL) | Streptomyces strains | F | He: Genome shuffling | Glucose | 24.5 g/L | 3 L | Li et al., 2013 [82] |
poly-gamma-glutamate (γ-PGA) | Bacillus subtilis | F | Oe: γ-PGA synthetases | Xylose | 9.0 g/L | 50 mL | Ashiuchi et al., 2006 [86] |
Arabinose | |||||||
Glutamate | |||||||
 |  | F | De: γ-PGA degradation enzymes | Glutamate | 48 g/L | 20 mL | Scoffone et al., 2013 [87] |
 | Bacillus amyrolique-haciens | F | He: Vitreoscilla hemoglobin | Sucrose | 3.5 g/L | 100 mL | Zhang et al., 2013 [67] |
 |  | F | He: Vitreoscilla hemoglobin | Sucrose | 5.1 g/L | 100 mL | Feng et al., 2014 [88] |
De: cwlO and epsA-O cluster | |||||||
 | E. coli | F | He: Β. licheniformis γ-PGA synthetases, glutamate racemase | Glutamate | 0.65 g/L | 100 mL | Cao et al., 2013 [89] |
 |  | F | He: Β. amyloliquefaciens γ-PGA synthetases, glutamate racemase | Glucose | 0.52 g/L | 100 mL | |
Glutathione | E. coli | E | De: Single genes related to ATP regenerating activity | Glucose, Glutamate, Cysteine, Glycine | 2.9 g/L | 1 mL | Hara et al., 2009 [90] |
 | S. cerevisiae | E | Oe: GCS, GS | Glucose, Glutamate, Cysteine, Glycine | 0.8 g/L | 20 mL | Yoshida et al., 2011 [91] |
 | S. cerevisiae | F | Oe: GCS | Glucose | 168 nmol/OD600 | 300 mL | Suzuki et al., 2011 [92] |
De: pep12 | |||||||
 | S. cerevisiae | F | Oe: GCS, Sulfate assimilation pathway genes | Glucose | 43.9 mg/L | 20 mL | Hara et al., 2012 [93] |
Alanyl-glutamine | E. coli | E | He: B. subtilis L-amino acid α-ligase | Alanine, Glutamate | 4.7 g/L | 1 mL | Tabata et al., 2005 [94] |
 | E. coli | F | He: B. subtilis L-amino, α-ligase, L-alanine dehydrogenase | Glucose | 24.7 g/L | 2 L | Tabata et al., 2007 [95] |
De: dipeptidases, aminopeptidases | |||||||
 | E. coli | E | He: Sphingobacterium siyangensis α-amino acid ester acyltransferase | L-alanine methyl ester hydrochlorid, Glutamine | 79.3 g/L | 300 mL | Hirao et al., 2013 [96] |
Dipeptides | E. coli | E | He: Ralstonia solanacearum RSp1486a | Amino acids, ATP, MgSO4 | 2.9 g/L (Phe-Cys) | 500 μL | Kino et al., 2008a [97] |
 |  | E | He: B. licheniformis BL00235 | Amino acids, ATP, MgSO4 | 1.2 g/L (Met-Ala) | 1.6 mL | Kino et al., 2008b [98] |
 |  | E | He: B. subtilis RizA | Amino acids, ATP, MgSO4 | 0.8 g/L (Arg-Ser) | 300 μL | Kino et al., 2009 [99] |