Figure 1

Strategies for MEL production from cellulosic substrates (Avicel ^® and solid fraction of pretreated wheat straw) combining enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with Pseudozyma spp. 1. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), at 28°C; 2. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), with an enzymatic hydrolysis step at 50°C, for 48 h, and a fermentation step at 28°C; 3. Fed-batch SSF, with a (pre-)hydrolysis step at 50°C, for 48 h, followed by fermentation (and enzymatic hydrolysis) with pulsed feeding of substrate, at 28°C. Structure of MEL: MEL-A: R1 = R2 = Ac; MEL-B: R1 = Ac, R2 = H; MEL-C: R1 = H, R2 = Ac; Acyl groups: 8-12 carbons (n = 6-10).