Table 1 Biosynthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles reported to date
Organism used in the biosynthesis | Gram | Precursor | Synthesis temperature | Particle size | Crystal structure (dominant) | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Not applicable | Titanyl hydroxide | 60°C | 13 nm (TEM) | Anatase and Rutile | - | [[22]] |
TiO(OH)2 | 18 nm (XRD) | ||||||
Lactobacillus sp. | (+) | Titanyl hydroxide | 60°C | 25 nm (TEM) | Anatase and Rutile | - | [[22]] |
TiO(OH)2 | 30 nm (XRD) | ||||||
Bacillus subtilis | (+) | Titanyl hydroxide | 60°C | 66-77 nm (SEM) | Anatase | - | [[21]] |
TiO(OH)2 | |||||||
Leaves extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis | Not applicable | Titanium tetraisopropoxide | 1. 50°C | 100 nm (XRD) | Not shown | - | [[29]] |
Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4 | 2. 500°C (calcined) | 100–150 nm (SEM) | |||||
Aqueous extract of Jatropha curcas L. latex | Not applicable | Titanyl hydroxide | 50°C | 25-100 nm | Anatase | - | [[30]] |
TiO(OH)2 | |||||||
Aspergillus flavus | Not applicable | Titanium dioxide | 37°C | 62-74 nm | Anatase and Rutile | Against pathogenic bacteria | [[23]] |
TiO2 | |||||||
Leaf aqueous extract of Eclipta prostrata | Not applicable | Titanyl hydroxide | Room Temperature | 49.5 nm | Rutile | - | [[24]] |
TiO(OH)2 | (36–68 nm) | ||||||
Annona squamosa peel extract | Not applicable | Titanyl hydroxide | 60°C (Optimal) | 26 nm (XRD) | Rutile | - | [[31]] |
TiO(OH)2 | 23 nm (TEM) | ||||||
Bacillus subtilis | (+) | Potassium hexafluorotitanate | 1. Not shown | 10-30 nm | Anatase | Photocatalytic activity on aquatic biofilm | [[28]] |
K2TiF6 | 2. 500°C (to crystallize particles) | ||||||
Leaves extract of Catharanthus roseus | Not applicable | Titanium dioxide | 50°C | 25-110 nm (SEM) | Anatase and Rutile | Antiparasitic activity | [[32]] |
TiO2 (powder) | 65 nm (XRD) | ||||||
Flower aqueous extract of Calotropis gigantea | Not applicable | Titanyl hydroxide | 90°C | 160-220 nm (SEM) | Not shown | Acaricidal activity | [[26]] |
TiO(OH)2 | 10.52 nm (XRD) | ||||||
Planomicrobium sp. | (+) | Titanium dioxide | 50°C | 100-500 nm (SEM) | Not shown | Antibacterial and antifungal activity | [[33]] |
TiO2 | 8.89 nm (XRD) | ||||||
Propionibacterium jensenii | (+) | Titanyl hydroxide | 1. 60°C | 65 nm (XRD) | Anatase | Preparation of collagen-TiO2 wound dressing | [[27]] |
TiO(OH)2 | 2. 300°C (annealed) | 10–80 nm (FE-SEM) | |||||
Aeromonas hydrophila | (−) | Titanyl hydroxide | 30°C | 40.5 nm (XRD) | Rutile | Antibacterial activity | [[25]] |
TiO(OH)2 | 28–54 nm (SEM) | ||||||
Leaves extract of Solanum trilobatum | Not applicable | Titanyl hydroxide | Room Temperature | 70 nm (SEM) | Rutile | Antiparasitic activity | [[34]] |
TiO(OH)2 |