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Figure 1 | Microbial Cell Factories

Figure 1

From: Biosynthesis of chiral 3-hydroxyvalerate from single propionate-unrelated carbon sources in metabolically engineered E. coli

Figure 1

Schematic representation of chiral 3HV production via the threonine biosynthesis pathway in metabolically engineered E. coli. Genes in bold are overexpressed while disrupted pathway steps are indicted by the "no" symbols. The carbon sources and main metabolic products in the system are enclosed by rectangular boxes with thick and thin lines, respectively. For glycerol utilization [43, 44], a glycerol kinase (GK) phosphorylates glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate, followed by oxidation to dihydroxyacetone phosphate that enters glycolysis. The oxidation reaction is catalyzed by a membrane enzyme called glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GlpD) with concomitant production of ubiquinol (UQH2) from ubiquinone (UQ). Electrons stored in the ubiquinol are then transferred through the aerobic respiratory chain coupled with proton translocation from cytoplasm to periplasm. Both ATP and NADPH can be synthesized by an H+-driven proton movement from periplasm to cytoplasm, catalyzed by an ATP synthase and a membrane-bound transhydrogenase (PntAB), respectively.

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