Figure 2
From: The path to next generation biofuels: successes and challenges in the era of synthetic biology
Engineered pathways for microbial production of ethanol from carbohydrates. Orange, red and green boxes indicate pathways for pentose and hexose sugars utilization, and ethanol synthesis respectively. The dashed lines indicate multiple steps. Abbreviations: ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; AR, aldose reductase; ARAA, L-arabinose isomerase; ARAB, L-ribulokinase; ARAD, L-ribulosephosphate 4-epimerase; FDH, formate dehydrogenase; FHL, formate hydrogen lyase; LAD, L-arabitol 4-dehydrogenase; LXR1, L-xylulose reductase; PDC, pyruvate decarboxylase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PFL, pyruvate formate lyase; XDH, xylitol dehydrogenase; XR, xylose reductase; XYLA, xylose isomerase; XYLB, xylulokinase.