Identification of potentially safe promising fungal cell factories for the production of polyketide natural food colorants using chemotaxonomic rationale

Table 3 Potentially safe and toxin-free cell factories belonging to Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium that produce Monascus-like pigments.

Fungal species Serial No.	IBT Culture Collection #	Other culture collection #	Source of isolation	Pigments identified	Known mycotoxins
Penicillium purpurogenum
1.	11180^1,2	-	Unknown	Monascorubramine³, PP-R^1,3	None
2.	11181²	CBS 123796	Pepper fruit	N-glutarylrubropunctamine⁴	None
				N-glutarylmonascorubramine⁴
3.	21347	-	Human saliva	PP-R⁵	None
4.	23082	RMF 81.01	Soil	PP-R³	None
5.	3645²	IMI 90178	Unknown	N-glutarylmonascorubramine⁶	None
6.	3967²	NRRL 1147	Unknown	Monascorubramine⁷	None
				Monascin
Penicillium aculeatum
7.	14259	NRRL 2129	Weathering fabric	Monascorubrin⁵	None
8.	14263¹	FRR 1802	Soil	Monascorubrin^1,3	None
				Xanthomonasin A^1,3
				Threonine derivative of rubropunctatin^1,5
Penicillium funiculosum
9.	3954	NRRL 2119	Unknown	Ankaflavin⁸	None
Penicillium pinophilum
10.	13104¹	ATCC 9644	Radio set	Monascorubrin^1,3	None

¹Previously reported [5, 33]; ² Tested for the pigment producing ability in the liquid media and was positive; ³On YES Agar; ⁴ In M1 liquid medium; ⁵ On CYA agar; ⁶ In M2 liquid medium; ⁷ On OAT agar; ⁸ On MEA agar.

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