Skip to main content

Table 1 Comprehensive list of polyketide pigment producing Penicillium and Aspergillus species and their known teleomorphs.

From: Identification of potentially safe promising fungal cell factories for the production of polyketide natural food colorants using chemotaxonomic rationale

Fungal species

Pigment composition (colour).

Toxic colored compounds in bold

Major known mycotoxic uncolored metabolites

BioSafety Level (BSL) classification1[32]

Comment2

Ref.

Penicillium subgenus Penicillium

P. atramentosum

Uncharacterized dark brown

Roquefortine C

Rugulovasine A & B

unknown

No

[10]

P. atrosanguineum

Phoenicin (red)

Uncharacterized yellow and red

unknown

unknown

TBI

[11]

P. atrovenetum

Atrovenetin (yellow)

Norherqueinone (red)

beta-Nitropropionic acid

unknown

No

[12]

P. aurantiogriseum

Uncharacterized

Nephrotoxic glycopeptides

Penicillic acid

Verrucosidin

1

No

[10]

P. brevicompactum

Xanthoepocin (yellow)

Botryodiploidin

Mycophenolic acid

1

No

[10]

P. chrysogenum

Sorbicillins (yellow)

Xanthocillins (yellow)

Roquefortine C

1

No

[10]

P. citrinum

Anthraquinones (yellow)

Citrinin (yellow)

 

1

No

[4]

P. cyclopium

Viomellein (reddish-brown)

Xanthomegnin (orange)

Penicillic acid

unknown

No

[10]

P. discolor

Uncharacterized

Chaetoglobosin A, B & C

unknown

No

[10]

P. echinulatum

Uncharacterized (yellow)

Territrems

unknown

No

[10]

P. flavigenum

Xanthocillins

unknown

unknown

TBI

[10]

P. freii

Viomellein (reddish-brown)

Vioxanthin

Xanthomegnin (orange)

 

unknown

No

[10]

P. herquei

Atrovenetin (yellow)

Herqueinones (red and yellow)

unknown

unknown

Yes

[13]

P.oxalicum

Arpink redâ„¢- anthraquinone derivative (red)

Secalonic acid D (yellow)

 

unknown

No

[3, 14]

P. paneum

Uncharacterized (red)

Botryodiploidin

Patulin

Roquefortine C

unknown

No

[10]

P. persicinum

Uncharacterized (Cherry red)

Roquefortine C

unknown

No

[10]

P. viridicatum

Viomellein (reddish-brown)

Vioxanthin

Xanthomegnin (orange)

Penicillic acid

Viridic acid

unknown

No

[10]

Talaromyces (anamorph Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium )

T. macrosporus

Mitorubrin (yellow)

Duclauxin

Islanditoxin

unknown

No

[15]

P. aculeatum

Uncharacterized

 

unknown

Yes

[un- pub-lished]

P. crateriforme

Uncharacterized

Rubratoxin

Rugulovasine A &B

Spiculisporic acid

unknown

No

[16]

P. funiculosum

Uncharacterized

 

unknown

Yes

[17]

P. islandicum

Emodin (yellow)

Erythroskyrin (orange-red)

Luteoskyrin (yellow)

Skyrin (orange)

Cyclochlorotine

Islanditoxin

Rugulosine

Rugulovasine A & B

unknown

No

[16]

P. marneffei

Mitorubrinol

Monascorubramine (purple-red)

Purpactin

Rubropunctatin (orange)

Secalonic acid D (yellow)

 

3

No

[un- published]

P. pinophilum

Uncharacterized

 

unknown

Yes

[17]

P. purpurogenum

Mitorubrin (yellow)

Mitorubrinol (orange-red)

PP-R (purple red)

Purpurogenone (yellow-orange)

 

1

Yes

[5, 16, 18]

P. rugulosum

Rugulosin (yellow)

 

1

No

[9, 16]

P. variabile

Rugulosin (yellow)

 

unknown

No

[9, 16]

Eurotium (anamorph Aspergillus subgenus Aspergillus )

E. amstelodami

Auroglaucin (orange)

Erythroglaucin (red)

Flavoglaucin (yellow)

Physcion (yellow)

Echinulin

1

No

[9]

E. chevalieri

Auroglaucin

Erythroglaucin

Flavoglaucin

Physcion (yellow)

Echinulin

1

No

[9]

E. herbariorum

Aspergin (yellow)

Flavoglaucin (yellow)

Physcion (yellow)

Echinulin

1

No

[9]

Aspergillus section Circumdati

A. ochraceus

Viomellein (reddish-brown)

Vioxanthin

Xanthomegnin (orange)

Ochratoxin A

Penicillic acid

1

No

[19]

A. melleus

Rubrosulphin (red)

Viomellein (reddish-brown)

Viopurpurin (purple)

Xanthomegnin (orange)

 

unknown

No

[19]

A. sulphureus

Rubrosulphin (red)

Viomellein (reddish-brown)

Viopurpurin (purple)

Xanthomegnin (orange)

 

unknown

No

[19]

A. westerdijkiae

Rubrosulphin (red)

Viomellein (reddish-brown)

Viopurpurin (purple)

Xanthomegnin (orange)

Ochratoxin A

Penicillic acid

unknown

No

[19]

Aspergillus section Nigri

A. niger

Flavioline (orange-red),

Nnaptho-γ-pyrones (yellow)

Fumonisins

Ochratoxin A

1

No

[20]

A. sclerotioniger

Uncharacterized yellow

Ochratoxin A

unknown

No

[20]

Emericella (anamorph Aspergillus subgenus Nidulantes , section Nidulantes and section Versicolores )

Em. falconensis

Falconensins C-H (yellow)

Falconensones (Yellow)

Zeorin (yellow)

unknown

unknown

TBI

[21]

Em. purpurea

Epurpurins A-C (yellow)

unknown

unknown

TBI

[22]

A. versicolor

Sterigmatocystin (yellow)

 

1

No

[23]

  1. 1 BSL-1: saprobes or plant pathogens occupying non-vertebrate ecological niches, or commensals. Infections are coincidental, superficial, and non-invasive or mild. BSL-3: pathogens potentially able to cause severe, deep mycoses in otherwise healthy patients.
  2. 2 Keys to selection; Yes: preselected as a possible source of pigments, No: not selected as a possible source of pigments, TBI: to be investigated as a possible source of pigments.
  3. The a priori species-specific major pigment and/or toxic metabolite profiles and the BioSafety Level (BSL) classification of the fungal species are highlighted and form the basis for selection/de-selection of the species as a potential source of pigment production.
Back to article page

Microbial Cell Factories

ISSN: 1475-2859

Contact us