Table 2 Microorganisms used for L-carnitine production from chiral and achiral substrates and the enzyme activities involved. Adapted from [2].
From: Production of L-carnitine by secondary metabolism of bacteria
Substrates | Activities involved | Microorganism | |
|---|---|---|---|
Achiral precursors | Crotonobetaine | L-carnitine dehydratase | E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter lwoffi, Achromobacter xylosoxydans |
γ-butyrobetaine | γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase | HK4, HK13, HK1349 (taxonomically between Rhizobium and Agrobacterium), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Mucor, Actinomucor, Neurospora, Aspergillus, Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Nocardia crassa | |
3-dehydrocarnitine | L-carnitine dehydrogenase (NADH dependent) | Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas | |
Racemic mixtures | D, L-carnitinenitrile | Nitrilase | Corynebacterium sp. |
D, L-acyl-carnitine | Acyl-L-carnitine esterases | Fusarium oxysporum sp. lini, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas | |
D, L-carnitineamide | Carnitine amidase | Pseudomonas sp., DSM 6320 (Agrobacterium or Sphingomonas sp.) | |
D, L-carnitine | Carnitine racemase | Pseudomonas sp., E. coli | |
D(+)-carnitine assimilation | Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Acinetobacter lwoffi |