Figure 1
From: Organic acid toxicity, tolerance, and production in Escherichia coli biorefining applications
Conceptual model of toxicity in biorefining applications. Sugars are extracted from waste biomass for use as feedstock for platform organisms in a biorefinery. Metabolically engineered microorganisms convert sugars into valuable platform chemicals that are then further derivatized to large-volume chemicals. Product and feedstock toxicity are observed, thus limiting productivity of biorefining applications.