The production of antibody fragments and antibody fusion proteins by yeasts and filamentous fungi

Table 2 Higher eukaryotic expression systems for heterologous protein production and possible advantages and disadvantages of the expression system.

Expression systems	Ease of molecular cloning	upscaling	Economic feasibility¹	Pathogenic contaminants²	References³
Mammalian cells	+	+/-	+	+	[59, 150–154]
Insect cells	++	+	+	+	[155–160]
Plants	++	+++	++	++	[92, 93, 161, 162]
Transgenic animals*	+/-	+++	+/-	+/-	[163–166]
Yeasts	+++	+++	+++	+++	See references in section Production of antibody fragments by lower eukaryotes.
Filamentous fungi	+++	+++	+++	+++	[4, 123, 128]

+++ = excellent, ++ = good, + = sufficient, +/- = poor. * With transgenic animals in this context is mentioned the production of antibodies or antibody fragments in the milk of transgenic animals, for example rabbits, sheep, goats or cows ¹ With economical feasibility is mentioned the time and cost of molecular cloning, upscaling and downstream processing (purification). ² Pathogenic contaminants like viruses or pyrogens. ³ Articles dealing with production of antibodies, antibody fragments and antibody fusion proteins.

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