Bioaugmentation of a historically contaminated soil by polychlorinated biphenyls with Lentinus tigrinus

Federici, Ermanno; Giubilei, Mariangela; Santi, Guglielmo; Zanaroli, Giulio; Negroni, Andrea; Fava, Fabio; Petruccioli, Maurizio; D'Annibale, Alessandro

doi:10.1186/1475-2859-11-35

Microbial Cell Factories

Table 1 Initial PCB congeners concentrations and percent degradation in myco-augmented and control microcosms

From: Bioaugmentation of a historically contaminated soil by polychlorinated biphenyls with Lentinus tigrinus

Target soil PCBs (congener)	Initial concentration (mg kg^-1 soil)		Average depletion (%)*
	Soil as such	Soil with SO	ICM	ICSOM	Lt M	Lt SOM
2,6-/2,2'-CB	1.35 ± 0.004	1.05 ± 0.003	85.6c	0.0a	44.6b	0.0a
2,4-/2,5-CB	0.09 ± 0.001	0.12 ± 0.003	94.3b	16.2a	37.2a	21.7a
2,3'-CB	0.43 ± 0.001	0.35 ± 0.003	0.0a	36.1b	89.1c	33.7b
2,4'-/2,3-CB	0.11 ± 0.001	0.08 ± 0.001	100b	39.5a	82.7b	47.3a
2,2',6-CB	2.73 ± 0.000	2.62 ± 0.004	37.9b	23.2a	59.4c	23.9a
2,2',5-/2,2',4-/4,4'-CB	39.33 ± 0.053	36.15 ± 0.097	44.2b	23.9a	52.9c	25.4a
2,3,6-/2,3',6-CB	3.07 ± 0.000	2.87 ± 0.009	42.7b	24.8a	50.8c	27.0a
2,2',3-/2,4',6-CB	16.14 ± 0.018	14.99 ± 0.045	41.0b	25.3a	50.1c	27.3a
2',3,5-CB	0.23 ± 0.001	0.21 ± 0.002	48.0b	29.1a	45.6b	31.8a
2,4,5-CB	0.21 ± 0.001	0.18 ± 0.000	48.7c	26.5a	51.9d	29.5b
2,3',5-CB	7.29 ± 0.007	6.66 ± 0.019	39.2c	25.2a	43.1d	28.9b
2,3',4-CB	2.28 ± 0.007	2.04 ± 0.004	38.9c	23.6a	43.3d	26.0b
2,4',5-/2,4,4'-CB	60.03 ± 0.111	55.17 ± 0.157	37.7c	25.8a	40.8d	29.1b
2,3,3'-/2',3,4-/2,2',5,6'-CB	7.45 ± 0.009	6.77 ± 0.019	36.7c	23.7a	42.9d	26.7b
2,2',4,6'-/2,3,4'-CB	27.83 ± 0.041	25.60 ± 0.070	34.9c	26.1a	41.6d	29.3b
2,2',3,6-CB	6.57 ± 0.008	6.15 ± 0.017	37.6b	27.1a	47.2c	29.8a
2,2',3,6'-CB	3.09 ± 0.001	2.90 ± 0.009	35.4b	30.5a	49.9c	31.5a
2,2',5,5'-CB	26.04 ± 0.035	24.31 ± 0.063	35.9c	26.3a	39.8d	29.9b
2,2',4,5'-CB	18.55 ± 0.022	17.24 ± 0.065	36.0c	26.6a	40.0d	30.1b
2,2',4,4'-/2,2',4,5-/2,4,4',6-CB	9.55 ± 0.018	8.83 ± 0.010	36.5c	26.8a	42.8d	30.3b
3,3',4-CB	0.85 ± 0.002	0.79 ± 0.006	30.7ab	27.4a	36.8b	32.8b
2,2',3,5'-CB	18.83 ± 0.039	17.44 ± 0.034	34.2c	25.3a	38.3d	29.2b
3,4,4'-/2,3,3',6-/2,2',3,4'-CB	10.38 ± 0.013	9.54 ± 0.032	31.7c	26.9a	38.2d	30.1b
2,2',3,4-/2,3,4',6-CB	20.96 ± 0.037	19.39 ± 0.055	33.2c	27.9a	39.8d	31.9b
2,2',3,3'-CB	6.01 ± 0.006	5.56 ± 0.017	31.1c	26.6a	40.6d	29.8b
2,3',4,5-CB	2.45 ± 0.001	2.39 ± 0.008	28.9a	28.6a	35.5c	32.6b
2,3,4',5-CB	1.23 ± 0.001	1.11 ± 0.003	28.1b	26.0a	29.6b	28.9b
2,4,4',5-CB	12.83 ± 0.011	12.07 ± 0.045	30.2b	27.6a	33.3d	31.0c
2,3',4',5-CB	21.95 ± 0.030	20.60 ± 0.071	29.6b	27.5a	34.1d	30.7c
2,2',3,5',6-CB	25.58 ± 0.049	24.07 ± 0.070	28.2a	25.4b	33.1c	28.0a
2,2',3,4',6-CB	1.20 ± 0.001	1.15 ± 0.003	30.5a	31.0a	32.0a	32.4ab
2,3,4,4'-/2,3,3',4'-CB	18.78 ± 0.032	17.44 ± 0.051	28.3a	27.4a	34.2c	30.1b
2,2',3,5,5'-CB	4.42 ± 0.005	4.25 ± 0.022	27.0a	25.5a	30.6c	28.6b
2,2',3,3',6-CB	8.47 ± 0.032	7.92 ± 0.022	31.0b	28.0a	36.9c	30.3b
2,2',3,4',5/2,2',4,5,5'-CB	30.81 ± 0.052	29.22 ± 0.040	25.2a	24.6a	30.6c	26.9b
2,2',4,4',5-CB	7.49 ± 0.013	7.34 ± 0.004	28.6a	30.0b	32.2c	32.1c
2,3',4,4',6-CB	0.33 ± 0.002	0.23 ± 0.184	28.1b	0.1a	0.3a	0.0a
2,2',3,3',5-CB	1.29 ± 0.016	1.36 ± 0.006	28.5b	29.0b	16.2a	32.0c
2,2',3',4,5-CB	6.77 ± 0.002	6.44 ± 0.008	28.7b	25.2a	31.2c	28.9b
2,2',3,4,5'/2,3,4,4',6-CB	12.10 ± 0.008	11.40 ± 0.017	27.2a	27.0a	31.7c	29.8b
2,2',3,4,4'-CB	3.09 ± 0.002	3.06 ± 0.052	25.7a	30.9b	29.8b	37.3c
2,2',3,3',6,6'-CB	8.43 ± 0.017	8.01 ± 0.042	23.5a	22.3a	28.3b	24.4a
2,3,3',4',6-CB	19.87 ± 0.010	18.75 ± 0.010	25.6a	25.7a	30.5c	27.9b
2,2',3,5,5',6-CB	11.81 ± 0.008	11.30 ± 0.023	21.2a	22.1a	26.4c	23.9b
2,2',3,3',5,6'-CB	8.85 ± 0.008	8.47 ± 0.016	21.3a	22.6a	25.1b	24.2b
2,3,3',4',5-CB	0.91 ± 0.000	0.91 ± 0.009	26.3a	26.3a	54.0b	31.2b
2,2',3,4',5',6/2,3',4,4',5-CB	34.83 ± 0.024	33.30 ± 0.067	22.0a	23.5b	27.2d	25.3c
2,2',3,3',5,6-CB	2.94 ± 0.007	2.79 ± 0.006	22.5a	23.4a	28.2c	25.2b
2,2',3,3',4,6/2',3,3',4,5-CB	2.60 ± 0.002	2.51 ± 0.007	21.7a	24.2b	29.1d	26.8c
2,2',3,4',5,5'-CB	5.51 ± 0.005	5.38 ± 0.011	20.1a	24.3b	26.7c	26.1c
2,2',3,3',4,6'/2,2',4,4',5,5'/2,3,3',4,4'-CB	60.87 ± 0.069	58.57 ± 0.145	20.3a	23.4b	26.6c	25.1c
2,2',3,4,5,5'/2,2',3,3',5,6,6'-CB	13.51 ± 0.019	12.99 ± 0.033	18.8a	21.6b	24.7c	23.3c
2,2',3,3',4,5' + 2,2',3,3',4,6,6'/2,2',3,4,4',5-CB	3.92 ± 0.007	3.79 ± 0.012	18.4a	21.6b	24.9c	23.4c
2,3,3',4,5,6/2,2',3,4,4',5'/2,3,3',4,4',6-CB	34.54 ± 0.088	33.22 ± 0.137	20.6a	23.9b	26.8c	25.6c
2,2',3,3',4,5/2,2',3,3',5,5',6-CB	6.67 ± 0.002	6.48 ± 0.009	13.2a	17.9b	20.9d	19.3c
2,2',3,3',4,5',6 + 2,2',3,4',5,5',6-CB	10.52 ± 0.020	10.26 ± 0.036	15.4a	19.9b	22.2b	21.3b
2,2',3,3',4',6,6'-CB	4.89 ± 0.009	4.76 ± 0.016	16.8a	21.1b	20.4c	22.6c
2,2',3,4,4',5',6 + 2,2',3,3',4',4' + 2,3',4,4',5,5'-CB	9.87 ± 0.012	9.54 ± 0.040	20.6a	24.5b	27.0c	26.5c
2,2',3,4,5,5',6-CB	3.15 ± 0.002	3.08 ± 0.011	14.8a	19.6b	21.0b	21.2b
2,2',3,3',4,5,6'-CB	10.35 ± 0.021	10.06 ± 0.027	16.0a	20.4b	22.7b	21.8b
2,2',3,3',4',5,6-CB	5.92 ± 0.012	5.76 ± 0.019	16.0a	20.7b	22.8d	22.1c
2,2',3,3',5,5',6,6'/2,2',3,3',4,4',6/2,3,3',4,4',5-CB	10.61 ± 0.014	10.70 ± 0.040	16.0a	23.2c	22.0b	24.9d
2,2',3,3',5,5',6,6'/2,3,3',4,4',5'/2,2',3,3',4,5',6,6'-CB	3.73 ± 0.012	3.63 ± 0.016	12.1a	17.6b	20.4d	19.2c
2,2',3,3',4,5,5' + 2,2',3,3',4,4',6,6'-CB	2.30 ± 0.003	2.08 ± 0.012	20.1a	19.4a	27.6c	21.0b
2,2',3,4,4',5,5' + 2,3,3',4',5,5',6-CB	22.51 ± 0.043	22.07 ± 0.075	15.9a	21.4b	23.3c	23.0c
2,3,3',4,4',5',6-CB	0.82 ± 0.006	0.84 ± 0.009	15.2a	22.2b	16.6a	23.2b
2,2',3,3',4,5,6,6'-CB	0.91 ± 0.001	0.89 ± 0.003	8.3a	14.9b	12.6c	16.2c
3,3',4,4',5,5'-CB	0.11 ± 0.000	0.08 ± 0.001	26.1a	25.9a	39.3b	26.6a
2,2',3,3',4,4',5/2,3,3',4,4',5,6-CB	14.21 ± 0.029	13.90 ± 0.047	15.6a	21.0b	22.9c	22.7c
2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6-CB	0.21 ± 0.00	0.21 ± 0.001	35.1a	41.4b	42.3b	41.8b
2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6 + 2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6'	2.82 ± 0.003	2.77 ± 0.008	13.1a	19.1b	19.7b	22.8c
2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6/2,2',3,3',4,4',5',6-CB	3.82 ± 0.002	3.79 ± 0.020	12.8a	19.5b	19.7b	23.1c
2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-CB	0.34 ± 0.001	0.34 ± 0.000	16.3a	22.0b	24.1c	24.6c
2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6,6'/2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6-CB	1.82 ± 0.001	1.79 ± 0.005	12.0a	18.1b	20.0b	19.7b
2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6,6'-CB	0.11 ± 0.000	0.11 ± 0.000	10.3c	13.2b	11.5a	14.8c
2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5'-CB	2.97 ± 0.005	2.96 ± 0.011	13.0a	19.8b	16.7b	21.9c
2,3,3',4,4',5,5',6-CB	0.29 ± 0.011	0.26 ± 0.000	16.8c	14.2b	21.3d	21.1a
2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-CB	0.93 ± 0.052	0.91 ± 0.064	0.0a	0.0a	0.0a	5.1b
Overall PCBs	776.3 ± 1.2	733.9 ± 2.3	28.0	24.5	33.8	26.9

Initial PCB congeners concentrations in maize stalk-amended soil in the absence (Soil as such) and in the presence of soybean oil (Soil with SO) and removals (%) in the respective controls (i.e, ICM and ICSOM) and in the Lentinus tigrinus-augmented microcosms (Lt M and Lt SOM) after 60 d at 28°C.
†Data are mean ± standard deviation of two independent experiments; * Multiple pairwise comparisons were performed between row means (P ≤ 0.05); lowercase letters indicate absence of statistically significant differences.

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ISSN: 1475-2859

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