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Table 1 Extracellular metabolite concentrations in the culture broth of batch cultures of E. coli , B. licheniformis , S. cerevisiae and C. glutamicum

From: Extensive exometabolome analysis reveals extended overflow metabolism in various microorganisms

Central metabolic intermediates

E. coli (K12 W3110)

B. licheniformis (DSM13D102)

S. cerevisiae (CEN.PK 113-7D)

C. glutamicum (DM1800)

Glucose-6-phosphate

17.65 ± 0.53 (t = 11)

88.53 ± 7.64 (t = 26)

1.25 ± 0.01 (t = 26)

10.16 ± 0.74 (t = 182)

Fructose-6-phosphate

29.29 ± 0.60 (t = 10)

19.25 ± 0.96 (t = 15)

0.87 ± 0.01 (t = 17)

3.84 ± 0.22 (t = 182)

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

34.21 ± 0.72 (t = 11)

9.41 ± 0.60 (t = 14)

11.43 ± 0.29 (t = 7)

3.36 ± 0.07 (t = 110)

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

50.40 ± 1.74 (t = 12)

19.75 ± 0.14 (t = 9)

0.41 ± 0.01 (t = 26)

8.67 ± 0.10 (t = 19)

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

15.04 ± 0.24 (t = 12)

2.67 ± 0.05 (t = 8)

< LOD

0.56 ± 0.01 (t = 27)

2/3-phosphoglycerate

19.45 ± 1.55 (t = 16)

66.26 ± 2.01 (t = 15)

2.19 ± 0.01 (t = 26)

12.17 ± 1.07 (t = 182)

Phosphoenolpyruvate

20.43 ± 0.28 (t = 9)

21.76 ± 0.48 (t = 12)

1.08 ± 0.02 (t = 26)

< LOD

Pyruvate

4924 ± 509 (t = 8)

2553 ± 25 (t = 8)

734.5 ± 33.2 (t = 6)

< LOD

6-Phosphogluconate

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

Ribose-5-phosphate

10.29 ± 0.22 (t = 16)

23.03 ± 0.73 (t = 9)

< LOD

0.61 ± 0.03 (t = 0.03)

Ribu-/Xylulose-5-phosphate

3.69 ± 0.04 (t = 8)

12.27 ± 0.38 (t = 11)

0.02 ± 0.01 (t = 17)

0.58 ± 0.05 (t = 182)

Erythrose-4-phosphate

1.31 ± 0.21 (t = 15)

2.04 ± 0.01 (t = 17)

< LOD

2.47 ± 1.14 (t = 18)

Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

Acetyl-CoA

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

Citrate

139.8 ± 6.2 (t = 12)

104.1 ± 3.6 (t = 9)

26.44 ± 0.11 (t = 26)

n.d.

Cis-aconitate

14.13 ± 0.40 (t = 12)

12.27 ± 0.15 (t = 9)

1.65 ± 0.01 (t = 26)

< LOD

Isocitrate

23.13 ± 0.54 (t = 12)

18.28 ± 0.38 (t = 9)

6.12 ± 0.12 (t = 17)

n.d.

α-Ketoglutarate

200.0 ± 17.7 (t = 16)

75.73 ± 1.62 (t = 8)

50.13 ± 0.92 (t = 26)

< LOD

Fumarate

12.45 ± 2.31 (t = 11)

120.8 ± 2.6 (t = 8)

12.35 ± 0.38 (t = 16)

< LOD

Malate

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

Glyoxylate

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

Cometabolites

    

AXP

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

NAD(P)

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

NAD(P)H

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

Amino acids

    

Alanine

1.69 ± 0.19 (t = 9)

138.0 ± 2.4 (t = 8)

5.47 ± 1.18 (t = 26)

64.80 ± 4.21 (t = 182)

Leucine/Isoleucine

20.17 ± 0.21 (t = 26)

11.23 ± 0.4 (t = 13)

8.07 ± 0.40 (t = 26)

< LOD

Valine

88.50 ± 2.18 (t = 26)

31.67 ± 1.30 (t = 13)

7.69 ± 0.61 (t = 26)

56.00 ± 6.66 (t = 92)

Aspartate

20.87 ± 0.55 (t = 26)

4.01 ± 0.32 (t = 16)

4.20 ± 0.25 (t = 26)

28.73 ± 0.32 (t = 48)

Homoserine

2.43 ± 0.48 (t = 26)

9.15 ± 0.86 (t = 9)

< LOD

46.61 ± 0.8 (t = 182)

Threonine

2.59 ± 0.30 (t = 14)

< LOD

< LOD

< LOD

Methionine

0.55 ± 0.01 (t = 26)

123.7 ± 3.3 (t = 26)

0.15 ± 0.01 (t = 26)

26.67 ± 0.75 (t = 182)

Lysine

< LOD

158.8 ± 2.8 (t = 17)

3.99 ± 1.52 (t = 9)

5957 ± 80 (t = 182)

Tryptophane

0.25 ± 0.01 (t = 12)

9.15 ± 0.17 (t = 26)

< LOD

< LOD

Tyrosine

29.80 ± 0.90 (t = 16)

67.20 ± 2.80 (t = 26)

1.41 ± 0.08 (t = 26)

8.21 ± 0.36 (t = 182)

Phenylalanine

28.00 ± 0.56 (t = 26)

206.4 ± 4.5 (t = 26)

4.48 ± 0.22 (t = 26)

< LOD

Glutamate

< LOD

55.20 ± 1.39 (t = 8)

28.32 ± 0.56 (t = 26)

180.1 ± 0.9 (t = 17)

Glutamine

< LOD

< LOD

2.71 ± 0.15 (t = 9)

< LOD

Proline

0.54 ± 0.13 (t = 13)

20.71 ± 0.82 (t = 11)

7.40 ± 0.28 (t = 5)

34.69 ± 1.75 (t = 17)

Serine

0.87 ± 0.52 (t = 13)

1.73 ± 0.19 (t = 16)

1.60 ± 0.17 (t = 6)

24.27 ± 1.22 (t = 98)

Glycine

1.23 ± 0.52 (t = 13)

6.84 ± 1.11 (t = 4)

< LOD

698.4 ± 60.2 (t = 182)

Arginine

9.61 ± 0.91 (t = 7)

< LOD

76.80 ± 0.01 (t = 10)

35.47 ± 1.43 (t = 182)

Histidine

6.84 ± 0.01 (t = 8)

58.53 ± 1.40 (t = 26)

10.83 ± 4.54 (t = 10)

< LOD

Others

    

Acetate

12949 ± 851 (t = 8)

36657 ± 821 (t = 10)

7518 ± 151 (t = 9)

< LOD

Ethanol

n.d.

n.d.

4.58 ± 0.04 (t = 10)

n.d.

Orotate

1100 ± 27 (t = 9)

25.00 ± 4.24 (t = 14)

18.50 ± 0.71 (t = 17)

n.d.

Uracil

1443 ± 30 (t = 26)

2099 ± 45 (t = 26)

175.0 ± 2.8 (t = 26)

n.d.

  1. Each value represents the time dependent maximum during the cultivation. Mean values and standard deviations are estimated from three technical replicates and the time point of occurrence is given in brackets. All concentration values are given in μM. Abbreviations: LOD, limit of detection; n.d., not determined.