Table 1 Examples of Proteins and Genes Involved in the Stress Responses of Probiotics

Heat

GroEL (chaperone protein)

+49.1

Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC338

[37]

Heat

Osmotic

GroEL (chaperone protein)

+15

+3

Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001

[118]

Heat

clpL1 (Clp ATPase family, members act as chaperones and regulators of proteolysis)

+20

Lactobacillus rhamnosus E800

[119]

Heat, Cold, Ethanol

hsp18.5 (heat shock protein)

hsp19.3 (heat shock protein)

nd

Lactobacillus plantarum Lp90

[41]

Heat, Cold, Ethanol

hsp18.55 (heat shock protein)

nd

Lactobacillus plantarum Lp90

[42]

Heat

DnaK (chaperone protein)

GroEL (chaperone protein)

ClpE (Clp ATPase family, members act as chaperones and regulators of proteolysis)

+4.4

+3.8

+1.7

Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323

[120]

Heat

FtsH (protease and chaperone activity)

+8

Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1

[121]

Heat

HtrA (protease and chaperone activity)

GroEL (chaperone protein)

DnaK (chaperone protein)

GrpE (chaperone protein)

+10 -+15

+5 -+10

+10 -+15

+2 -+5

Bifidobacterium longum 3A

[122]

Heat

groEl-cspA, (chaperone protein-cold shock protein)

groES (chaperone protein)

+12

+8

Bifidobacterium breve UCC 2003

[123]

Heat

clpC (Clp ATPase family, members act as chaperones and regulators of proteolysis)

+15

Bifidobacterium breve UCC 2003

[124]

Heat

clpP operon: clpP1, clpP2 (Clp ATPase family, members act as chaperones and regulators of proteolysis)

+15

Bifidobacterium breve UCC 2003

[125]

Heat

Osmotic

hsp20 (heat shock protein)

+28

+25

Bifidobacterium breve UCC 2003

[126]

Temperature downshift

cspA (cold shock protein)

+20

Lactobacillus bulgaricus VI104

[127]

Cold

ClpP (Clp ATPase family, members act as chaperones and regulators of proteolysis)

Pyruvate kinase

Glycoprotein endopeptidase

≥2

Lactobacillus acidophilus RD758

[128]

Temperature downshift

cspL (cold shock protein)

+17

Lactobacillus plantarum NC8

[46]

Osmotic

dnaK operon: dnaK, grpE, dnaJ (chaperones), ORF1 (similarity to predicted heat-controlled transcriptional regulators of Mer family)

+15, +14

Bifidobacterium breve UCC 2003

[129]

Osmotic

dnaJ ₂ (chaperone)

+4.5

Bifidobacterium breve UCC 2003

[130]

Oxygen

NADH oxidase & NADH peroxidase

Lactobacillus acidophilus 2400

Lactobacillus acidophilus 2409

Bifidobacterium lactis 1941

Bifidobacterium pseudolongum 1944

Bifidobacterium longum 1944

[103]

Oxygen

AhpC (alkyl hydroperoxide reductase C22)

PNDR (Pyridine nucleotide-disulfide reductase)

Dps (DNA-binding ferritin-like protein)

NrdA (ribonucleotide reductase)

MutT1 (NTP phosphohydrolases)

+10

+2

+1.7

+2

+1.8

Bifidobacterium longum BBMN68

[104]

Bile

HtrA (protease and chaperone activity)

DnaK (chaperone protein)

GroEL (chaperone protein)

+1.5-+2

+1.5-+2

+1.5-+2

Bifidobacterium longum 3A

[122]

Bile

Bsh1 (bile salt hydrolase)

Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1

[131]

Bile

Ctr (cholate transporter)

Bifidobacterium longum NCIMB 702259T

[132]

Acid

clpL (Clp ATPase family, members act as chaperones and regulators of proteolysis)

Ir1516 (putative cell wall-altering esterase)

+2-+3

>5

Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730

[133]

Acid

GrpE (chaperone protein)

>3.5

Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis CB1

[134]

Acid

LBAI524HK (histidine kinase)

Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM

[135]

Acid

F ₀ F ₁ - ATPase operon (involved in ATP synthesis and proton extrusion)

+2

Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM/N2

[136]

Acid

F ₀ F ₁ - ATPase operon (involved in ATP synthesis and proton extrusion)

+15

Bifidobacterium lactis DSM10140

[137]