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Table 1 PRR, ligands and subcellular localization

From: Immunomodulatory mechanisms of lactobacilli

Receptor

Localization

Ligand

Origin of the ligand

TLR2

Cell surface

Lipopeptides

Bacteria

  

Lipoproteins

G+ bacteria

  

LTA

G+ bacteria

TLR2/1

Cell surface

Triacylated lipopeptide

G-bacteria, mycoplasma

TLR2/6

Cell surface

Diacylated lipopeptides

G+ bacteria, mycoplasma

TLR3

Intracellular compartment

dsRNA

Viruses, virus infected cells

TLR4/MD2

Cell surface, intracellular compartment

LPS

G- bacteria

TLR5

Cell surface

Flagellin protein

Bacteria

TLR7

Intracellular compartment

ssRNA

Viruses

TLR8

Intracellular compartment

ssRNA

Viruses

TLR9

Intracellular compartment, cell surface

DNA

DNA viruses, bacteria

TLR11

Cell surface

Uropathogenic bacterial components

Uropathogenic bacteria

NOD1

Cell cytoplasm

Meso-DAP

PG from G-, some G+, mycobacterium

NOD2

Cell cytoplasm

MDP

PG from G-, G+ bacteria, mycobacterium

  1. PG, peptidoglycan; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; DAP, diaminopimelic acid; MDP, muramyl dipeptide; G+, Gram positive; G-, Gram negative; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA.