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Figure 4 | Microbial Cell Factories

Figure 4

From: Immunomodulatory mechanisms of lactobacilli

Figure 4

Potential immunomodulatory mechanisms of probiotic lactobacilli (1). It is not yet clear precisely how oral administration of certain strains of probiotic lactobacilli can expand the Treg population in the mesenteric lymph nodes but it may involve direct activation of lamina propria (LP) CD103+ DC by MAMPs leading to up-regulation of MHC II and the co-stimulatory molecules needed for signaling and antigen presentation to naïve T cells in the lymphoid tissue. (2) Alternatively lactobacilli may be initially taken up by epithelial-associated CX3CR1+ DCs which could indirectly lead to maturation of the migratory CD103+ DC population. The oral administration of probiotic lactobacilli may also stimulate epithelial signaling and the production of cytokines such as TGFβ and TSLP as well as other factors which imprint a tolerogenic phenotype on resident CD103+ DC in the LP.

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