Skip to main content

Table 1 Overview of HA titer and molecular weight with different microorganisms under different culture conditions

From: Microbial production of hyaluronic acid: current state, challenges, and perspectives

Microorganism

Culture mode

Culture medium

Aeration parameters

HA titer and molecular weight

References

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 35246)

Batch 2.5 L

Maltose 20 g/L, CDM

600 rpm

1.3 vvm

[HA]: 2.14 g/L

MW: 2.1 × 106 Da

[5]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus deficient in β-glucuronidase

Batch 100 mL

Glucose 40 g/L, trypton 10 g/L, yeast extract 2.5 g/L

Anaerobic condition

[HA]:0.4430 g/L

MW:2.21 × 106Da

[13]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 39920)

Batch 3.7 L

CDM

400 rpm

1 vvm

[HA]:3.66 g/L

MW: 3.8 × 106Da

[17]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 35246)

Batch 2 L

Glucose 60 g/L, CDM

600 rpm

1 vvm

[HA]:4.2 g/L

MW: 3.2 × 106Da

[21]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus WSH-24

Batch 7 L

Yeast extract 25 g/L, sucrose 70 g/L

200 rpm

0.5 vvm

[HA]:6.7 g/L

MW: n.d.

[22]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus NJUST01

Batch 500 ml

Starch 50 g/L, glucose 3 g/L,

peptone 5 g/L

220 rpm

[HA]:6.7 g/l

MW: n.d.

[23]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus G1(mutant of ATCC39920)

Batch + pulse 5 L

Glucose 40 g/L, polypeptone 20 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L

10-80% DO

[HA]: 3.5 g/L

MW: 2.19 × 106Da

[28]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 35246)

Batch 2 L

Glucose 20 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L

600 rpm

0.3 vvm

[HA]:2.1 g/L

MW:n.d.

[26]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 39920)

Batch 3 L

Glucose20 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L

300 rpm

1 vvm

[HA]:2.3 g/L

MW:n.d.

[30]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus WSH-24

Batch 7 L

Yeast extract 25 g/L, sucrose 70 g/L

Adding oxygen vector

200 rpm

0.5 vvm

[HA]:6.6 g/L

MW:n.d.

[31]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 39920)

Fed-batch 2.5 L

glucose 5 g/L, yeast extract 2.5 g/L

20% DO

[HA]:3.5 g/L

MW:n.d

[35]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 35246)

cC Continuous culture 2 L

Glucose 15 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L

200 rpm

0 vvm

[HA]:0.6 g/L

MW:n.d

[34]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 39920)

Repeated batch 3 L

Glucose2 0 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L, tryptone 1.7 g/L, soytone 0.3 g/L

10%DO

0.59 g HA/(L·h)

MW:n.d

[36]

Streptococcus sp. ID9102 (KCTC1139BP)

Batch 75 L

Glucose 40 g/L, yeast extract 7.5 g/L, casein peptone 10 g/L

400 rpm

0.5 vvm

[HA]:6.94 g/L

MW: 5.9 × 106Da

[37]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus WSH-24

Fed-batch 7 L

Yeast extract 25 g/L, sucrose 70 g/L

200 rpm

0.5 vvm

[HA]:6.6 g/L

MW:n.d

[38]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus

(ATCC 35246)

Batch 2 L

Mussel processing wastewater 50 g/L, tuna peptone 8 g/L

500 rpm

0 vvm

[HA]:2.46 g/L

MW: 2.5 × 106Da

[39]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 35246)

Nitrogen-limited fed-batch 3 L

Yeast extract 10 g/L and a

mixture of inorganic salts

600 rpm.

0.05 vvm.

[HA]:2.2 g/L

MW:n.d

[40]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 39920)

Batch 2 L

Glucose (10-60) g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L

300 rpm,

1.3 vvm.

[HA]:1.8 g/L

MW:2.52 × 106 Da

[41]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 39920)

Batch 3 L

glucose 25 g/L yeast extract 60 g/L

250 rpm

2 vvm

[HA]:1.21 g/L

MW:4 × 107Da

[25]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC 39920)

Batch 125 mL

glucose 25 g/L yeast extract 60 g/L

150 rpm

liquid volume: 50 mL in 125 mL

[HA]:0.65 g/L

MW:7.4 × 107Da

[24]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus mutant

Fed-batch 100 L

CDM

400-1,200 rpm,

0.5-2.0 vvm

[HA]: 6-7 g/L

MW:3.2 × 106 Da

[27]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus #104

Batch 2 m3

Peptone20 g/L, yeast extract 10 g/L

30 rpm;

0.5 vvm;

0.05 MPa.

MW:4.3 × 106 Da

[33]

S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (ATCC) 39920

Batch 250 mL

Agricultural resource derivatives medium

150 rpm

[HA]:0.89 g/L,

MW:103 to 104 Da

[47]

Recombined Bacillus subtilis

(hasA-hasD-VHb)

Batch 250 mL

Modified minimal medium, 10 g/L glucose

170 rpm

liquid volume: 50 mL in 250 mL flask

[HA]:1.8 g/L

MW:n.d.

[3]

Recombinant Lactococcus lactis

(hasA-hasB)

Batch 250 mL

M17 medium, 10 g/L glucose

170 rpm

liquid volume: 50 mL in 250 mL flask

[HA]:0.65 g/l

MW:n.d.

[2]

Recombinant Bacillus subtilis RB161(hasA-tuaD-gtaB)

Fed-batch 3 L

minimal medium with sucrose

1300 rpm

1.5 vvm

MW:1 × 106 Da

[8]

Recombinant Escherichia coli

(sshasA-ssugD)

Fed-batch 250 mL

LB medium

liquid volume: 40 mL in 250 mL flask

[HA]:190 mg/L

MW:3.5 × 105 to 1.9 × 106 Da

[15]

Recombinant Agrobacterium sp.

(pmHas-kfiD)

Batch 250 mL

LB medium

250 rpm

liquid volume: 50 mL in 250 mL flask

[HA]:0.3 g/L

MW:0.7 × 106 to 2 × 106 Da

[14]

Recombinant S. equi subsp zooepidemicus

(hasA-hasB-hasC-hasD-hasE)

Batch 2 L

glucose 20 g/L, uridine 50 mg/L, CDM

300 rpm

0 vvm

MW:1.8 × 106 to 3.4 × 106 Da

[16]

Recombinant Escherichia coli

(pmHas-kfiD)

Fed-batch 1 L

Glucose 45 g/L, GlcNAc 11.8 g/L

10%DO

[HA]:3.8 g/L

MW:n.d.

[45]

Recombinant Escherichia coli

(sz-has A with rare codon modifications)

Batch

LB medium.

---

[HA]:32.5 mg/L

[44]

Recombinant Lactococcus lactis

(hasA-hasB-hasC-hasD-hasE)

Batch 2.4 L

M17 medium, 20 g/L glucose

200 rpm

1 vvm

[HA]:1.8 g/L

[46]